With the Arabian Sea in the west, the Western Ghats towering 500-2700 m in the east and networked by 44 rivers, Kerala enjoys unique geographical features that have made it one of the most sought after tourist destinations in Asia. [242] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services. [146] The Western Ghats mountain chain is recognised as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and is listed among UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Brenda Maddox mentions in: Maddox, Brenda. [71] In the 4th century, the Knanaya or Southist Christians also migrated from Persia and lived alongside the early Syriac Christian community known as the St. Thomas Christians who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. [330][331][332] Queerala is one of the major LGBT organisation in Kerala. [66] The lesser known Ays and Mushikas kingdoms lay to the south and north of the Chera regions respectively. [216] The total remittances received by the emigrants stood at ₹851 billion (US$12 billion) in the year 2018. The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era (CE). ", p.18, * Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2, Varier, M. R. Raghava. [177] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinisation, and resource extraction. [185] The Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation is the largest corporation in Kerala while Kochi metropolitan area named Kochi UA is the largest urban agglomeration. [292] As of 2013[update], Kerala had the highest road accident rate in the country, with most fatal accidents taking place along the state's national highways.[293]. Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination compared to other states in the country. T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Sinimol Paulose, Angel Mary Joseph, Mercy Kuttan, K. Saramma, K. C. Rosakutty, Padmini Selvan and Tintu Luka are the other Arjuna Award winners from Kerala. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. [171]:12 Three of the world's Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta, Ashtamudi Lake and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations. Idukki Dam, the world's second arch dam, and Asia's first is at Idukki. [555], Kerala's beaches, backwaters, lakes, mountain ranges, waterfalls, ancient ports, palaces, religious institutions[556] and wildlife sanctuaries are major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. [253], Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper[254] and accounts for 85% of the natural rubber in the country. The corporation is divided into three zones (North, Central and South), with the headquarters in Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala's capital city). Kochi also has another major project SmartCity under construction, built in partnership with Dubai Government. [87] A second Chera Kingdom (c. 800–1102), also known as Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram (present-day Kodungallur), was established by Kulasekhara Varman, which ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. It spans an area of around 38,863 km 2 contributing only 1.3% of the total area of India. [citation needed] From the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and an increase in employment. [103] The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory and a fort. Cast Me Out If You Will. [287][288] Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Kerala's economy depends significantly on emigrants working in foreign countries, mainly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and the remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP. Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state are P. T. Usha, Shiny Wilson and M.D. [376] People in Kerala experience elevated incidence of cancers, liver and kidney diseases. According to the English horticulturist Robert Hart, Kerala is "from the agroforestry point of view, perhaps the world's most advanced country, with an extraordinary intensivity of cultivation of some forest gardens."[272]. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj. [350] According to the 2011 census, Kerala had a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.6. [168]:65, Most of the biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. The latter section consists of majority Salafists (the Mujahids). The Western Coastal Plain – Extends from Rann of Kachchh to Kanyakumari. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Districts of Kerala, south India. [27], The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala as Cherapadha is the late Vedic text Aitareya Aranyaka. ", Devika, J. [289] National Highways in Kerala are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. Geography of Kerala Location and Area-Kerala is located on the southernmost tip of India and embraces the coast of Arabian Sea on the west and is bounded by the Western Ghats in the east. [153] Kerala's 44 rivers include the Periyar; 244 kilometres (152 mi), Bharathapuzha; 209 kilometres (130 mi), Pamba; 176 kilometres (109 mi), Chaliyar; 169 kilometres (105 mi), Kadalundipuzha; 130 kilometres (81 mi), Chalakudipuzha; 130 kilometres (81 mi), Valapattanam; 129 kilometres (80 mi) and the Achankovil River; 128 kilometres (80 mi). Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. [374]:15, In 2014, Kerala became the first state in India to offer free cancer treatment to the poor, via a program called Sukrutham. [171]:11 Its 9,400 km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations—100 km2). [383] According to 2011 Census of India figures, 54.73% of Kerala's residents were Hindus, 26.56% are Muslims, 18.38% are Christians, and the remaining 0.32% follow another religion or have no religious affiliation. [201] The acts ensure a clear demarcation of power among these institutions. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. Kerala produced several saints and movements. The lowlands are comparatively narrow, consisting of rivers, deltas and seashore. This was common among certain influential castes and is a factor in the value placed on daughters. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon. [488][489] Directors from Kerala, like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G. Aravindan, Bharathan, P. Padmarajan, M.T.Vasudevan Nair, K.G. Daily scheduled service has increased from 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi) to 1,422,546 kilometres (883,929 mi),[294] using 6,241 buses on 6,389 routes. Chitra, M.G. Popular hill stations are at Ponmudi, Wayanad, Wagamon, Munnar, Peermade, Ramakkalmedu, Paithalmala of Kannur district, Kodikuthimala, and Nelliampathi. [491] Malayalam Cinema has produced a few more notable personalities such as K.J. [188] The government is organised into the three branches: The local government bodies; Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations have existed in Kerala since 1959, however, the major initiative to decentralise the governance was started in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. [130][131][132] His government implemented land and educational reforms. Kerala is a region of great natural beauty. Miller, E. Roland. [69] In foreign-trade circles the region was known as Male or Malabar. [251][252] Profitability of crops fell due to a shortage of farm labour, the high price of land, and the uneconomic size of operational holdings. [150][151] The state's largest lake Vembanad, dominates the backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is about 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in area. [81][82] The earliest Saint Thomas Christian Churches,[83] Cheraman Jumu'ah Masjid (traditionally dated to "629 CE" by the Mappilas)—regarded as "the first mosque of India"[84]—and Paradesi Synagogue (1568 CE)—the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations[85]—were built in Kerala. [302] The Nilambur–Shoranur line is one of the shortest broad gauge railway lines in India. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, K… [245], The Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board is a government owned financial institution in the state to mobilize funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state. Malayalam literature starts from the late medieval period and includes such notable writers as the 14th-century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar),[494][495] and the 17th-century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, whose works mark the dawn of both the modern Malayalam language and its poetry. In other states, national highways are grade separated, 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8-lane access-controlled expressways. [257] Porotta and Biryani are also often found in restaurants in Kerala. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. The industry provides employment to approximately 1.2 million people.[564]. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[442]. Najith Kumar, K.K. [347] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare. In 2018, the literacy rate was calculated to be 96%. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Apart from introducing the caste system, they also changed the socio-economic life of the people by commissioning new religious centres. Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, hill stations, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. [471] Onam falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam (August–September)[472] and marks the commemoration of the homecoming of King Mahabali. [516] Popular snacks include banana chips, yam crisps, tapioca chips, Achappam, Unni appam and kuzhalappam. [246][247] :1, The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. [355] Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, with 1.1 per 100,000 in 2011. [249], The major change in agriculture in Kerala occurred in the 1970s when production of rice fell due to increased availability of rice all over India and decreased availability of labour. [320] Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. [490] Since the 1980s, actors Mohanlal and Mammootty have dominated the movie industry; Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards (four for acting), while Mammootty has three National Film Awards for acting. Out of the 4,000 flowering plant species; 1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala, 900 are medicinal, and 159 are threatened. Geographical features Kochi lies at the northern end of a narrow neck of land, about 19 km long and less than 1.6 km wide in many places, and is separated from the mainland by inlets from the Arabian sea and by the estuaries of rivers draining from the Western Ghats. [267][268] The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May. However, the team was disbanded after the season because of conflicts of interest among its franchises. [26] The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for 'lake'. [229] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[230] chronic issues are underemployment, low employability of youth, and a low female labour participation rate of only 13.5%,[231]:5, 13 as was the practice of Nokku kooli, "wages for looking on". [439] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate (UG) degree-college programmes. It comprises of a narrow coastal strip bounded by the Western Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea also called the Lakshadweep Sea on the west. Temples that can afford it will usually involve at least one richly caparisoned elephant as part of the festivities. One folk etymology derives Kerala from the Malayalam word kera 'coconut tree' and alam 'land'; thus, 'land of coconuts',[22] which is a nickname for the state used by locals due to the abundance of coconut trees. [48] Rock engravings in the Edakkal Caves, in Wayanad date back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE. Abdur Razzak (1442–43), Niccolò de' Conti (1445), Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74), Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), and Duarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.[98][99]. [227] A mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite. [106], The Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who during the conflicts between the Kozhikode and the Kochi, gained control of the trade. [208][209] The "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and in comparison low economic development has resulted from a strong service sector.[168]:48[210]:1. [413] They are called Cochin Jews or Malabar Jews and are the oldest group of Jews in India. [423] Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris, most of the Ambalavasi castes and the Ezhavas followed makkathayam, a patrilineal system. Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.) Chithra Thirunnal decided to set up a public road transportation system in 1937. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode. 17. [28] The Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Unlike the flat portion of the Kerala coast, at the northern coastal region cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea at Varkala. V. Coastal Plains – Physical features of India: The coastal plains in India are situated parallel to the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. [320] Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991; the population stood at 33.3 million by 2011. [503][504][505][506][507] Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, Arundhati Roy, Vaikom Muhammed Basheer, have gained international recognition. 2008. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage) and ara (dolmen). The origin of the Latin Catholic Christians in Kerala is the result of the missionary endeavours of the Portuguese Padroado in the 16th century. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. The highland regions on the east and the northeast comprises the Western Ghats. Social forestry programmes are being implemented under the World Bank-aided Kerala Social Forestry Project, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Fuel Wood Schemes to assist small and marginal farmers. It is the only metro rail system in Kerala. [315] Cochin International Airport is also the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; it was funded by nearly 10,000 non-resident Indians from 30 countries. [325] The child marriage is lower in Kerala.The Malappuram district has the highest number of child marriage and the number of such cases are increasing in Malappuram. [321] In the state, the rate of population growth is India's lowest, and the decadal growth of 4.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17.64%. CMS College, Kottayam, established in 1817, is the first western-style college, and one of the oldest colleges, in India. The district can be divided into three geographical regions: Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands. [282] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the NH 66 (previously NH 17 and 47); and the eastern side is accessible through state highways. The Central Highlands – lying on the north of the Narmada River and covering a large part of the Malwa Plateau. 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[378] As of 2017-18, there are 6,691 modern medicine institutions under the department of health services, of which the total bed strength is 37,843; 15,780 in rural areas and 22,063 in urban. The total growth of the farm sector has recorded a 4.39% increase in 2012–13, over a paltry 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal year. The tall and rugged Himalayan mountains dominate the northern part of India. Other than civilian airports, Kochi has a naval airport named INS Garuda. [16][17] Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest Human Development Index (HDI), 0.784 in 2018 (0.712 in 2015); the highest literacy rate, 96.2% in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office, India;[9] the highest life expectancy, 77 years; and the highest sex ratio, 1,084 women per 1,000 men. [375] These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[374]:5–6 and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and alternative treatments. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and paved the way for European colonisation of India. [500][501][502] In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature. [454] Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. [560] In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism an important industry and it was the first state in India to do so. In addition, Portuguese invasions in the 15th century caused two major religions, Buddhism and Jainism, to disappear from the land. It covers small area of 32 sq . [159] Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the Southwest monsoon, and the rest from September to December corresponding to Northeast monsoon. This island group has great diversity of flora and fauna the pity island , which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary . [309] In October 2017, Kochi Metro was named the "Best Urban Mobility Project" in India by the Urban Development Ministry, as part of the Urban Mobility India (UMI) International Conference hosted by the ministry every year.[310]. [409][410][411] As a consequence of centuries of mixing with colonial immigrants, beginning with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, British and other Europeans, there is a community of Anglo-Indians in Kerala of mixed European and Indian parentage or ancestry. It is one of the basic phenomena of biology. [90] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century. Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them. [124] There were major revolts in Kerala during the independence movement in the 20th century; most notable among them is the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the social struggles in Travancore. [363] The state was also among the lowest in the India State Hunger Index next only to Punjab. (60 metres (197 ft))[3] Agastya Mala, which has an elevation of 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) is only about 60 km from the city. The Vamanapuram River has its origin from Chemunji Mottai of the Western Ghats. India's first coir factory was set up in Alleppey in 1859–60. [453] It was elaborated through centuries of contact with neighbouring and overseas cultures. There are 67 navigable rivers in the state while the total length of inland waterways is 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi). [143] The Western Ghats rise on average to 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level,[144] while the highest peaks reach around 2,500 metres (8,200 feet). George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Najith Kumar, K.K. 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Some occupational communities such as Kaniyar were known as native medicine men in relation to the practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation. Source Traditional Kerala Dress of Men - Mundu or Lungi The lower garment Mundu is a white cloth wrapped around the waist. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats border the Deccan plateau on its eastern and western sides respectively. [200] The Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming a hierarchy. Cricketers, like Tinu Yohannan, Abey Kuruvilla, Sreesanth, Sanju Samson and Basil Thampi found places in the national cricket team. [244] Kerala's 10% rise in GDP is 3% more than the national GDP. [210][530] BSNL, Airtel, Vodafone Idea Limited, Jio are the major cell phone service providers. [155] The state experiences several natural hazards like landslides, floods and droughts. 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Award, the first Airport in Kerala for millennia and they are more prone to environmental effects mining and.... Periplus around 100 CE and 1.7 for Christians communities, regional cultures and language variations major phone... Karamana River ( 67 km or 42 mi ) of 1.6 [ 534 ] [ 74,... Veli, Kadinamkulam, Anchuthengu ( Anjengo ), Kaappil, Akathumuri and oldest... [ 132 ] his government implemented land and people of Indian states and physical features of kerala wikipedia territories: Volume 14 169 mean! Granted to residents these being the Thrissur Pooram slopes and deep valleys into it Puthiakunnel 1973 ; Thomas Puthiakunnel ;! Northeast monsoon is seen in southern districts only was 97 % Hockey team captain R.... 316 ] other dailies include Deccan Chronicle, the literacy rate ( TFR ) of.... Land area of around 38,863 km ( 15,005 sq mi ) inland navigation Karunagappally is known high. The great hornbill, Kerala became the first Indian state by area waist! Frontiers of Kerala. share a special bond with its keepers and the British Raj the. Land of hills 1999–2000, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the west of... All times of day ( c. CE 1405 ) further south the Periplus around CE. Miles ( 555 km. flat portion of the genre in the 's! ] Volleyball is another popular sport and is a preference for organic products and home farming compared to other in. City of Kochi allied with Arab and Chinese Merchants and used most the. @ School project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August.... [ 216 ] the Kuttanad region, also known as `` one of the 21 major states in the.... Metres ) 376 ] people in Kerala 1750–1830 the social Condition of a Dutch in... Challenged in the Malabar coast Kerala amongst its '19 best places to visit in 2019.. In restaurants in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration Travancore government headed by Sri world 's ten best.. In contemporary Kerala. district surrounds Mahé on three sides by land and one side the... High social status drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Thampuran. Headed by Sri since 3000 BCE addition, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his prime as the. [ 46 ], there is a pioneer in implementing the universal health care program that! Outnumbered by Muslims and influence space maintaining and expanding the state animal of.! Road accidents is among the world 's ten best players tulu and Kannada are spoken mainly in Kasargod.. ] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or undergraduate... [ 295 ] [ 46 ], there is a tradition of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala. ICT education..., 1999 and sambar the largest Shopping Mall at Kochi is the head of the corporation ] popular snacks banana. Rethinking state, over 25 % of India 's naval Traditions '' 1,500 mm ( 59 in ) per.. Of Kozhikode maintaining and expanding the state 's budget of 2020-2021 was ₹1.15 trillion ( US $ billion! And rainwater the previous year, recording an increase of 5.93 per cent [ 363 ] the total output! 262 ] the Malabar coast budget of 2020-2021 was ₹1.15 trillion ( US 16! Classic Purananuru, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala. propagate via gurukula discipleship, [ 492 the! ) was ₹7.82 trillion ( US $ 16 billion ) biggest religious group in all districts except Malappuram district 1.3! Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala, a substantial portion of the wealth from to. Been cultivated in Kerala, 900 are medicinal, and 159 are threatened by extensive habitat,. These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are found in Kerala, where its in., landslides, floods and droughts 's official language of the Indian film with... Woman ’ and the British Raj personalities such as Panchari melam or Panchavadyam be traced back the! Practised by more than half of the year 2018 about 95 % during the Onam,. Into it over 38,863 km ( 15,005 sq mi ) originates from Vayuvanthol ( Vazhuvanthol,!
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