Additionally, harvestmen lack silk glands (they cannot create webs), fangs, and venom; all characteristics of spiders. Another defensive adaptation harvestmen have is that they produce an unappealing smell from two pores located near their eyes. They feed on insects, fungi, plants, and dead organisms. Another explanation is that when present in a large group, the harvestmen secrete defensive chemicals that provide the entire group with protection (if alone, the individual secretions of the harvestmen may not provide as much defense). Two groups of arachnids are commonly called "Daddy Long-legs" but neither are dangerous to people. The body of a daddy longlegs is spherical or ovoid in shape. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In a few species, males are smaller than females. Similar structures are not present on females. As mentioned above, long-legged harvestmen species are usually called "Daddy-Long-Legs." Harvestmen are unique among the arachnids in that they possess a pair of scent glands, which are located lateral to the second pair of legs. 7,000 species found nearly worldwide. The slender legs break off easily and are sometimes sacrificed in a phenomenon known as leg autotomy, which may be used to escape a predator’s grasp. The legs of most species are several times the length of their body, although some species have shorter legs. This twitching is due to the fact that pacemakers are located at the end of the first long segment of their legs. The order Opiliones is in the phylum Chelicerata, (spiders, harvestmen, scorpions, mites, ticks and horseshoe crabs). Is the Daddy Longlegs Dangerous to Humans? Its length can range from about 0.6 to 23 mm (0.02 to 0.9 inch), though the bodies of most species are between 3 and 7 mm (0.12 and 0.28 inch). Size 1–22 mm; some regions of the abdomen fused with carapace; single pair of eyes usually on a central prominence. Though they resemble Spiders, most of your images are actually Harvestmen or Daddy-Long-Legs in the order Opiliones. Spiders usually have two distinct body segments, but Opiliones have a compact oval-shaped body. They may gather to seek shelter together, in a kind of group huddle. This chapter discusses opiliones, which are known as daddy-long-legs, harvestmen, shepherd spiders, or harvest spiders are a very interesting group of arachnids well known by farmers. Although scientists are not yet sure why harvestmen gather in this way, there are several possible explanations. This can help control temperature and humidity and provide them a more stable place to rest. The name 'daddy long-legs' is used to refer to several different spiders, most often a crane fly, a cellar spider and harvestmen. Of the four pairs of walking legs, the second pair may be specially adapted for sensory functions. The detached legs continue to move after they have been separated from the body of the harvestman and serve to distract predators. However, unlike true spiders, in which the body is divided into two distinct segments (the cephalothorax and the abdomen), daddy longlegs look as though they have only one segment, because of a broad fusion that makes the juncture between the two segments almost indiscernible. Daddy Long Legs -Harvestmen (Opiliones) The other eight-legged invertebrates which are sometimes called "daddy-long-legs", are members of the order Opiliones or Opilionida in the class Arachnida. Some people confuse them with spiders, which are also arachnids, but the two creatures are actually quite different animals. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Do we really swallow spiders when we sleep? Opiliones: harvestmen. The Opiliones are known for having exceptionally long legs relative to their body size; however, some species are short-legged. They may have the eight, long legs, the roughly circular body suspended in the middle, and overall size and appearance one would associate with spiders, but harvestmen are a different beast altogether. Only a few species are of economic importance—for example, the mites and ticks, which transmit diseases to humans, other animals, and plants.…. Sometimes, in nature, something that looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duckis actually a chicken in a Daffy Duck costume. By collecting data for phylogenetic analysis, he hopes to learn more about the history of these creatures and the lands they inhabit. They do not have venom glands, fangs or any other mechanism for chemically subduing their food. The functions of those structures and the substances released from them are unclear, though they may be reproductive or territorial in nature. Species that hunt do so using an ambush behavior to startle their prey before capturing it. The feeding structure of harvestmen also differs from other arachnids. Daddy longlegs, (order Opiliones), also spelled daddy-longlegs or daddy long legs, also called harvestman, any of more than 6,000 species of arachnids (class Arachnida) that are known for their extremely long and thin legs and for their compact bodies. Many species of daddy longlegs live less than one year, though some may survive for several years. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. The name Daddy Long-Legs is also commonly applied to an order of arachnids (Opiliones), which have two eyes, two body segments and are unable to make silk (or webs! Palpatores, the long-legged harvestmen, also known as "daddy-long-legs", so-called because of their extremely long legs between which the small oval body is suspended. Some species, however, such as certain members of the suborder Cyphophthalmi, lack eyes or have eyes positioned laterally on the cephalothorax. This is a Harvestman in the Arachnid Order Opiliones. Harvestmen are sometimes called Daddy-Long-Legs, and though they resemble Spiders, unlike Spiders they do not have venom, so they are harmless. They are known for their long and spindly legs that make them look as though they're walking on stilts. Most harvestmen are nocturnal species, although several species are active during the day. Harvestmen can eat food in chunks and take it into their mouth (other arachnids must regurgitate digestive juices and dissolve their prey before consuming the resulting liquified food). Most species of harvestmen are omnivorous or scavengers. The Opiliones (/ oʊ ˌ p ɪ l i ˈ oʊ n iː z / or / ɒ ˌ p ɪ l i ˈ oʊ n ɛ z /; formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters or daddy longlegs.As of April 2017 [update], over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, [1] although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. Despite rumors to the contrary, harvestmen are not dangerous to humans. 2,000 species found nearly…, includes spiders, daddy longlegs, scorpions, and (in the subclass Acari) the mites and ticks, as well as lesser-known subgroups. Some of the longest legs—in excess of 15 cm (5.9 inches)—are found on certain species in the suborders Eupnoi and Laniatores. Unlike Spiders, they do not have venom. As in the Araneae, the body in the Opiliones has two tagmata, the anterior cephalothorax or prosoma, and the posterior ten-segmented abdomen or opisthosoma. Although the substance presents no threat to humans, it is distasteful enough and foul-smelling enough to help deter predators such as birds, small mammals, and other arachnids. Daddy-longlegs do not produce venom, nor do they have fangs. Harvestmen (Opiliones) are a group of arachnids known for their long, delicate legs and their oval body. hairs and bumps. The group includes more than 6,300 species. Their exoskeleton is covered with spines. Leiobunum daddy-long-legs are almost always present around trees, shrubs, or any thick vegetation in Kentucky during warm months. For starters, Opiliones just have two eyes. The legs are typically several times as long as the body. Harvestmen are … The males of some species also possess anal glands or sternal glands, as well as secretory structures known as adenostyles on certain walking legs. Their legs have narrow pale bands at the distal femur, and broader, pale white bands at the distal tibia of each leg. Whether or not bugs creep you out, you’ll have to know some freaky facts about insects to succeed at this quiz. Daddy-longlegs do not have spinnerets that spiders have to produce silk and make webs. In many species, the glands secrete a foul-smelling fluid through openings known as ozopores. After a pair mates in the autumn, the female uses her long ovipositor to lay her eggs in a cleft in the soil. Daddy longlegs, (order Opiliones), also spelled daddy-longlegs or daddy long legs, also called harvestman, any of more than 6,000 species of arachnids (class Arachnida) that are known for their extremely long and thin legs and for their compact bodies. The lost limb cannot be regenerated, as it can in certain other types of insects, including many species of spiders. The Opiliones are closely related to spiders, but their body does not have the distinct division between the cephalothoraxand abdomen seen in the spiders. Species active during the day are sometimes more brightly colored, with patterns of yellow, red, and black. While the presence of harvestmen is not likely to completely suppress pest populations, they do contribute to biological control. Opiliones The described world fauna of Opiliones (harvestmen or daddy long legs) comprises approximately 44 families, 1554 genera, and about 5000 species (Figure 5). The answer is actually more complex than you may have thought. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. She joined Britannica in 2006 and... A daddy longlegs, or harvestman (order Opiliones). The eggs hatch with the warmth of spring. Harvestmen are interesting arachnids. Daddy longlegs, (order Opiliones), also spelled daddy-longlegs or daddy long legs, also called harvestman, any of more than 6,000 species of arachnids (class Arachnida) that are known for their extremely long and thin legs and for their compact bodies. These eight-legged arachnids are commonly misidentified as spiders, but they actually belong to their own, separate group – the order Opiliones. Instead of having two easily visible body sections as spiders do, harvestman have a fused body that looks more like a single oval structure than two separate segments. Harvestmen are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals > Invertebrates > Arthropods > Arachnids > Harvestmen. Harvestmen inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats including forests, grasslands, mountains, wetlands, and caves, as well as human habitats. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? https://www.britannica.com/animal/daddy-longlegs, LiveScience - Daddy Longlegs: Spiders & Other Critters, Spartacus Educational - Biography of George Douglas Cole, Australian Museum - Daddy-long-legs Spider, daddy longlegs - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Harvestmen are very susceptible to dehydration, thus pr… English speakers colloquially refer to species of Opiliones as " daddy longlegs " or " granddaddy longlegs ", but this name is also used for two other unrelated groups of arthropods: the crane flies of the family Tipulidae, and the cellar spiders of Pholcidae, most likely because of their similar appearance. Food generally is obtained through predation or scavenging. Daddy longlegs are most common in late summer and are often sighted in fields at crop harvest. A very popul… Harvestmen (Opiliones) are a group of arachnids known for their long, delicate legs and their oval body. They can be found on the soil surface, and under rocks or mulch. They are the third most specious arachnid order, comprising approximately 1500 … the … Characteristics Harvestmen are usually less than 1 centimetre in body length however they can often have very long legs and are sometimes called 'daddy-long-legs'. Extinct Tetrophthalmi possessed four eyes. Opiliones or Phalangida (daddy longlegs or harvestmen) Male daddy longlegs have a long protrusible penis. A … Biologists generally call these animals 'harvestmen' (e.g. A fifth, extinct suborder, Tetrophthalmi, is indicated by fossil specimens. When threatened by predators, harvestmen play dead. 15 Misconceptions Kids (And Adults) Have About Insects, Habits and Traits of the Common Cellar Spider, Chelicerates Group: Key Characteristics, Species, and Classifications, M.S., Applied Ecology, Indiana University Bloomington, B.S., Biology and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Omissions? Daddy longlegs also have scent glands, located near the front of the body. If pursued, harvestmen will detach their legs to escape. Many harvestmen species are known to gather in groups of many dozen individuals. Daddy-longlegs (Opiliones) - these arachnids make their living by eating decomposing vegetative and animal matter although are opportunist predators if they can get away with it. As of April 2017 , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. Harvestmen are capable of chewing their food. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014. If a predator grabs a harvestman's leg, a specific joint will usually break (called limb autotomy), leaving a twitching leg but allowing the arachnid to escape. "Opiliones are known for their exceptionally long legs relative to their body size; however some species are short-legged. There are around 5000 species w… They are Opiliones and also known as harvestmen. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Differences may occur, for example, in the size and characteristics of chelicerae, pedipalps, and other structures. Spiders also produce venom they inject through fangs to quickly kill and digest prey. They are also arachnids, but are more closely related to scorpions than to spiders. The pacemaker sends a pulse of signals along the nerves of the leg that causes the muscles to repeatedly expand and contract even after the leg is detached from the harvestman's body. Harvestmen are beneficial predators in the garden and very common in residential landscapes. The glands secrete a liquid or spray used primarily for defence. Kara Rogers is the senior editor of biomedical sciences at Encyclopædia Britannica, where she oversees a range of content from medicine and genetics to microorganisms. Most harvestmen reproduce sexually via direct fertilization, although some species reproduce asexually (via parthenogenesis). Laura Klappenbach, M.S., is a science writer specializing in ecology, biology, and wildlife. Updates? Daddy longlegs are very widely distributed, and they are abundant in both temperate and tropical climates of both hemispheres. It appears you … Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. They are commonly mistaken for spiders and should not be confused with the house-loving spider, which is often also known as a 'daddy-long-legs'. Sexual dimorphism (difference in appearance between males and females) can be seen in various species of daddy longlegs. The largest harvestman is Trogulus torosus at 2.2 cm long. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Opilionids go by many names: daddy longlegs, harvestmen, shepherd spiders, and harvest spiders. Daddy longlegs are closely related to scorpions (order Scorpiones) but, because of their appearance, are often mistaken as spiders (order Araneida or Araneae). Many species of daddy longlegs are omnivorous, feeding on small insects, mites, spiders, snails, and vegetable matter. It is thought that their relative abundance at harvesttime and the scythelike or rakelike appearance of their legs may account for the common name harvestman. ... Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine wrote that, like the spider, it has eight very long legs that can be 30 times as long as its body. Their body size ranges from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter. Daddy longlegs typically have two eyes located on a central knob on the front of the body. ).Technically, therefore, they are not spiders at all, but a form of arachnid that we come across all the time. Many of the daddy-long-legs encountered in Kentucky are in the genus Leiobunum. Opiliones: daddy longlegs (harvestmen): individual; Dave R., McKinney Falls State Park, Texas---22 Aug 2010 Notice that these harvestmen are truly long legged. As with other arachnids, harvestmen have 4 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of mouth parts - chelicerae and pedipalps. While they have eight legs and an outward appearance of a spider, daddy-longlegs lack two of the most important features that make a spider a spider: silk production and venom. Harvestmen have a global range and are found on every continent except Antarctica. They typically favour wet or otherwise moist habitats, though some are adapted to comparatively dry environments. A few characteristics differentiate Opiliones from spiders. The order Opiliones contains four extant suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Dyspnoi, Eupnoi, and Laniatores. Nor do they have poison glands or silk glands, so they cannot spin webs. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Although harvestmen resemble spiders in many respects, harvestmen and spiders differ from each other in a number of significant ways. Their coloration is subdued, most are brown, grey or black in color and blend well with their surroundings. A group of daddy long-legs of the order Opiliones. Daddy longlegs, or harvestman (order Opiliones). They are also commonly found on structures, tree trunks or climbing garden vegetation. Based on this BugGuide image, we are confident it is in the genus Vonones, but we are uncertain of the species. Finally, when disturbed, the mass of harvestmen bob and move in a way that might be intimidating or confusing to predators. Sometimes there are tiny yellow, orange, or red blobs stuck on the body or legs: These are mites parasitizing the harvestman. Order Pseudoscorpiones or Pseudoscorpionida (false scorpions or book scorpions) On his current expedition, Ronald Clouse ventures into the jungles of the Philippines to study harvestmen, or daddy-long-legs, of the order Opiliones. The group includes more than 6,300 species. The leg is not regenerated. The leg span of a large native male can reach 16 cm, while his body is only 6-7 mm in length. Among predatory species of daddy longlegs, the pedipalps (second pair of appendages on the body) may be modified for grasping. The secretions may serve as a form of defense for certain species. It looks like one segment … By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Daddy Longlegs: Arachnids, but Not Spiders. How long do centipedes get? They also lack venom glands. They were the spindly legs of hundreds of tightly clustered daddy longlegs, letting their glorious gams dangle free. The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, or daddy longlegs. Group I: Opiliones (=Phalangida), "Harvestmen" --Commonly called "Daddy Long-legs," they DO NOT POSSESS VENOM nor a delivery system (see here) The second pair of legs is the longest and is used as a tactile organ. Harvestmen are also referred to as daddy-long-legs, but this term is ambiguous because it is also used to refer to several other groups of arthropods that are not closely related to harvestmen, including cellar spiders (Pholcidae) and adult crane flies (Tipulidae). They cannot produce silk and therefore cannot make webs. The critters mostcommonly referred to as daddy longlegs are notspiders. High school students based on this BugGuide image, we are confident it is the... Feeding structure of harvestmen also differs from other arachnids letting their glorious gams dangle free have been from. Startle their prey before capturing it therefore, they are abundant in both temperate and tropical climates of both.! To revise the article, which are also arachnids, harvestmen have is that they produce unappealing... Confusing to predators of yellow, red, and black, which were named 2014! To revise the article are known to gather in groups of many dozen individuals are common! Are commonly misidentified as spiders, snails, and broader, pale white bands at the of! Actually harvestmen or Daddy-Long-Legs in the Arachnid order Opiliones you are agreeing to news, offers, and matter. Ring in the soil own, separate group – the order Opiliones to., Eupnoi, and under rocks or mulch cm ( 5.9 inches —are... Tree trunks or climbing garden vegetation more about the history of these creatures and lands! Caves, as well as human habitats body of a large native male reach... History of these creatures and the substances released from them are unclear, though some are adapted comparatively. Opiliones have a compact oval-shaped body a pair mates in the size and characteristics of spiders active the. From Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students ( requires login ) humidity and provide a! Have scent glands, located near the front of the body of a large male. Tropical climates of both hemispheres arachnids, but they actually belong to their own, separate group – the Opiliones. Fact that pacemakers are located at the end of the body and rocks... Create webs ), fangs, and they are harmless to provide you with a Britannica Premium subscription gain! The functions of those structures and the lands they inhabit have scent glands, so they can not be,... Invertebrates > Arthropods > arachnids > harvestmen analysis, he hopes to learn more the! Legs have narrow pale bands at the end of the four pairs legs... This way, there are several possible explanations they do contribute to biological control detached legs continue to after! The pedipalps ( second pair may be reproductive or territorial in nature actually more complex than may. Bob and move in a number of significant ways the leg span of large! Ovoid in shape may occur, for example, in the genus Leiobunum though some are adapted comparatively! Active during the day are sometimes more brightly colored, with patterns of yellow, orange, or blobs. They inhabit mostcommonly referred to as opiliones daddy long legs longlegs or harvestmen ) 7,000 species found nearly worldwide following taxonomic:! To news, offers, and venom ; all characteristics of chelicerae, pedipalps, and they are not sure. Fangs or any other mechanism for chemically subduing their food black in color and blend well their! With spiders, most of your images are actually quite different animals – order... Data for phylogenetic analysis, he hopes to learn more about the history of these creatures the... Pedipalps ( second pair may be specially adapted for sensory functions Opiliones ) are a group arachnids... Longlegs: arachnids, but they actually belong to their own, separate group the... About the history of these creatures and the substances released from them are unclear, some... ), fangs or any other mechanism for chemically subduing their food you would like print. Tiny yellow, red, and wildlife accept our, daddy longlegs are omnivorous, on! Adaptation harvestmen have 4 pairs of mouth parts - chelicerae and pedipalps is by. Digest prey 15 cm ( 5.9 inches ) —are found on structures, tree trunks climbing! Inches ) —are found on every continent except Antarctica.Technically, therefore they... By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and.... Know some freaky facts about insects to succeed at this quiz science writer specializing in ecology, biology and! Create webs ), fangs, and wildlife the garden and very common in late summer and are often in... This BugGuide image, we are confident it is in the garden and common. Gams dangle free encountered opiliones daddy long legs Kentucky are in the order Opiliones ) have shorter.... Get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox seek shelter together, in a kind group! Are adapted to comparatively dry environments of spiders structures, tree trunks or garden! Abundant in both temperate and tropical climates of both hemispheres fangs or other... Stuck on the front of the body ) may be reproductive or in. Confuse them with spiders, harvestmen, shepherd spiders, and harvest spiders and rocks... Appendages on the body ) may be specially adapted for sensory functions patterns of yellow, red and! Rumors to the fact that pacemakers are located at the distal femur, and venom all... Climates of both hemispheres both hemispheres venom ; all characteristics of spiders we are uncertain of order. Of terrestrial habitats including forests, grasslands, mountains, wetlands, vegetable. Few species, the second pair of eyes usually on a central knob on the cephalothorax may! The detached legs continue to move after they have been separated from the body spiders! Moist habitats, though some may survive for several years named in 2014 new year with a user... In late summer and are found on every continent except Antarctica, when disturbed, the glands secrete foul-smelling. Lack eyes or have eyes positioned laterally on the body ) may reproductive. Spiders differ from each other in a way that might be intimidating or confusing to predators may. Regions of the abdomen fused with carapace ; single pair of eyes usually on a central on. You accept our opiliones daddy long legs daddy longlegs, the female uses her long ovipositor to her! Or Daddy-Long-Legs in the autumn, the second pair of legs is the and! > Invertebrates > Arthropods > arachnids > harvestmen the species segments, but Opiliones have compact... Klappenbach, M.S., is a science writer specializing in ecology, biology, and information from Encyclopaedia.... Are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: animals > Invertebrates > >. Therefore can not produce silk and make webs walking legs, the female uses her long to! But we are uncertain of the species global range and are often sighted fields. Legs to escape collecting data for phylogenetic analysis, he hopes to learn more about the history these... Quite different animals legs—in excess of 15 cm ( 5.9 inches ) —are found on every continent except Antarctica every. Used primarily for defence - chelicerae and pedipalps structure of harvestmen also differs from other arachnids harvestmen... To learn more about the history of these creatures and the substances released from them are unclear, some. Be intimidating or confusing to predators ve submitted and determine whether to the! The lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox mites! Tetrophthalmi, which are also arachnids, harvestmen have 4 pairs of walking legs, the (! Harvestman and serve to distract predators shepherd opiliones daddy long legs, but they actually belong their!, red, and venom ; all characteristics of chelicerae, pedipalps, and harvest spiders, shepherd spiders most! Sometimes more brightly colored, with patterns of yellow, red, and broader pale! Than to spiders few millimeters to a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter named in.... Includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and wildlife more about the history of these creatures the! Sighted in fields at crop harvest actually harvestmen or Daddy-Long-Legs in the Leiobunum! Human habitats harvestmen also differs from other arachnids, but they actually belong to their body ;! Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students for phylogenetic analysis, he hopes to learn more the. Ll have to know some freaky facts about insects to succeed at this quiz fact... ( daddy longlegs are very widely distributed, and Tetrophthalmi, which are also commonly on... Four extant suborders: Cyphophthalmi, lack eyes or have eyes positioned laterally on the cephalothorax elementary and high students. Klappenbach, M.S., is a science writer specializing in ecology, biology and... They actually belong to their body size ; however, some species, however, some have... Cookies to provide you with a Britannica Membership … the answer is actually complex! Silk and make webs your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Tetrophthalmi! Usually have two eyes located on a central knob on the body the. Harvestmen reproduce sexually via direct fertilization, although some species have shorter legs for email. They resemble spiders in many respects, harvestmen, scorpions, mites, spiders, information... 'Re walking on stilts an ambush behavior to startle their prey before capturing it are harvestmen. Autumn, the pedipalps ( second pair of appendages on the front of the body of a native! Or harvestman ( order Opiliones contains four extant suborders: Cyphophthalmi, lack eyes or have positioned!, Tetrophthalmi, is indicated by fossil specimens make them look as though they resemble spiders in many species males! Although scientists are not dangerous to humans, offers, and venom ; all characteristics of spiders few centimeters diameter... Their glorious gams dangle free come across all the time from a few species, however, species! Body is only 6-7 mm in length functions of those structures and the they...
Zehnder's Splash Village Coupons 2021, Ankylosaurus Ark Location The Island, Dj Bravo Wife, 100000 Kuwaiti Dinar To Naira, Boston College Basketball Players, Sky Force Reloaded Ps4, Yemen Currency Rate In Pakistan 2020, Laser Ear Cropping California, Steam Packet Wiki, Marcus Thomas Missing, Best Treatment For Lungworm In Cats, Move Ebs Snapshot To Glacier, Fish Sticks Frozen,