It studies the developmental characteristics of human behavior from birth onwards. A classroom cannot be treated merely as an agglomeration of individuals, but as an organized group with the group mind or collective mind in action. This method is also called the method of ‘objective observation’ as against introspection which is a method of self-observation. Secondly, it is necessary that before we form an estimate of an individual’s behaviour, we should have made a number of observations of the same behaviour in similar conditions. Before publishing your Articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. We can have two groups of students or subjects. This back-ground should help us to arrive at some conclusions about the learning behaviour in adulthood. Many of the evils of our social life are owing to mental illness caused due to a defective social environment. In view of this fact, educational and vocational guidance have their promising scope for the teacher to help. Teaching methods have a long history and relate to the questions, "What is the purpose of education? At the end of the interval, the two groups will be compared in regard to the amount of material they can remember from the passage originally learned. Generally speaking, it deals with the young rather than the old, and with the learning situations of the school rather than those of the wider environment. There are substantive demands in terms of effort, time, and expertise associated with designing and conducting a rigorous mixed methods study (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2018, McKim, 2017). Educational Psychology Books PDF- Are you searching for Educational psychology notes for B.ed then you are in the right place.Today I will provide you the complete notes on educational psychology. Proving or disproving a hypothesis is technically described as ‘testing’ a hypothesis. How does the perception develop? Child development centers and child guidance clinics are generally fitted with one-way glass screens or observations booths. The setup knowledge, rules, and conventions were thrust upon him with a sense of compulsion. Similarly reaction time of the subject cannot be tested with the help of any method except the experimental method. Here ‘punishment’ is stimulus variable and ‘slow or quick speed of learning’ is known as response variable. From modem view-points of teaching, the teacher is not to teach arbitrarily. Control is the basic element in experimentation. These procedures are called its methods. The concept of psychology of learning and consideration of a child’s mind remained wholly unknown. They will be equated in age, intelligence socio-economic or cultural status and also in their memorising ability. Here the study of psychology may give better insight and understanding of his possible role and responsibility to be performed. Introspection is one of the older methods and is peculiar to psychology. Educational Psychology: Educational Psychology was discovered in the late 1800s. The experimenter can control and create the conditions himself which influence the fact under investigation and can vary them systematically. The psychological concept of learning may help the teacher to evolve an appropriate method of teaching. We cannot say that such and such person has so much of anxiety. We obtain a direct knowledge of the mental experience of the individual. Introspection is the easiest of all methods of educational psychology. So observable change in behaviour is known as response. Psychology cannot decide the aims, ideals, and norms of education. Depending on the instructions, a subject may have a set to respond in different ways. This study is done by one method. Here the laboratory situation is under complete control of the experimenter. These observations enabled them to make certain generalisations about human behaviour in general. There is a subject or subjects on whom the experiment is performed. There was another problem besides the speed of behaviour. The Observational Method 3. The Clinical Method 5. A second type of variable often studied by psychologists is the kind of instruction given to the subjects. In view of individual differences in the ability of the students, educational guidance has assumed great significance. He has observed the reactions of a hospitalised child to various situations and persons of suitable intervals, for a short period every time, with the help of a carefully drawn-up proforma to be filled in by the observer. In a checklist, examiners may be provided with a list of traits or qualities and may be asked to point out or checkup ones that apply to particular persons. his emotions and feelings. Earlier the influence of a teacher and teacher’s authoritarianism had made education of the child subject-centered. As it very difficult to exercise complete control, efforts are made to assign cases in the experimental and control groups randomly. Educational psychology is responsible to enquire and examine the soundness of the different methods of teaching used in order to derive the economy and efficiency of child learning. IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGY, WHICH IS DERIVED FROM … Hence, it cannot be verified by other observers. (d) If the experiment involves danger to human subjects, it must be performed on the species close to human beings i.e., chimpanzees rather than rats. My mind here is to play a double role called introspection. The essence of science is controlled observation under experimental conditions. Educational psychology is an applied science. The percentage or frequency of correct responses or errors is an index of discrimination. (a) It has wide applications in all the branches of psychology especially in the intelligence measurement, personality measurement, attitude formation, individual differences and mental disorders. The relevance of psychology for the teacher may be clear with the following consideration. His concept of natural education had awakened the conscience of the teachers for which Rousseau is known as the father of modern education. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: Educational Psychology helps us to create the learning environment to teach the hearing impaired … The comparison will either prove or disprove our hypothesis i.e., that the period of intellectual activity after the passage has been memorised improves or increases the amount of material remembered. There is no single learning approach that works for everyone. When a particular response occurs sometimes but not on every trial. We observe him carefully and find that, he is sitting absorbed in a certain posture, that he makes certain gestures or that he is mixing such and such colours. Every phenomena cannot be studied in the laboratory e.g., to study the causes of abnormality and abnormal behaviour we cannot make our subject mad. Objective measurement of mental abilities and intelligence of individuals is gaining more renown in educational psychology today. This problem was solved to a large extent by the introduction of type-recording, photographic films or by employing a number of stenographers to record the behaviour. Similarly, we cannot retard the growth of a child to find out the causes of retardation. This is an old method adopted for the study of the conscious mind and its experiences. Professor, Foundations of Education School of Education Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, lllinois 60611, USA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kurtz, Albert Kenneth, 1904-Statistical methods in education and psychology. For example, if we want to study the effect of noise on mental activity, then in this example noise is an independent variable since it is the variable from which we predict changes in mental activity. You want to understand the causes so that you may plan some treatment procedures. It is the application of psychological principles in the field of education. The Observational Method 3. Results of the experiment can be verified. It is the scientific study of human behaviour by which it can be understood, predicted and directed by education to achieve goals of life. Educational psychology seeks to understand how students each learn and how they develop. From the data collected, certain deductions are made as to probable treatment. It consists of the recording of personal impressions about some aspect of pupil behaviour which seems significant to the observer. This specific condition or variables is called “an independent variable”; other conditions or variables are called “dependent variables”. 1. The results or conclusions arrived at by this method are reliable. Fifthly, to ensure accuracy of observation and to reduce the effect of bias, the behaviour may be observed for a specific period of time, after it has been analysed into its various aspects. It involves the question of individual differences in ability, potential, prospect, and limitations in learning. The entity of human beings can be observed only indirectly through the behavior and reaction of individuals in various psycho-social situations. It is the roles of a teacher to know the child whom he is going to teach. There has been a gradual realization of the need and importance of the study of psychology for the teacher. In order to have a clear picture of the subject in mind, the following definition may be taken up for our consideration: As per Charles Judd, “Educational Psychology is the science which explains the changes that take place in the individuals as they pass through the various stages of development”. Methods of Learning. What changes take place in thought and behaviour at different stages of life? He also has interests and aptitudes of his own that need greater attention from the teacher. It is one of the most popular of methods used in psychology for collection of data. It is the experimental method which has made psychology a science and put it on scientific footing. The significant information in regard to the process of a child’s gradual psycho-physical development may be collected from the authentic sources closely related to the child. Educational psychology employs scientific methods and adopts a scientific approach for studying the learner’s behaviour such as observation, experimentation, clinical investigation and generalization, etc. Experimental method has been widely used in almost all the aspects of education i.e., in: (6) measuring the achievements of the pupils and. In educational psychology, mental measurement provides a promising field of study at present. There is also a history of significant methodological innovation by educational psychologists, and psychologists investigating educational problems. He is an individual with basic potential, prospects, and limitations. The personality of the individual child is the outcome of the interaction of the two forces of heredity and environment. Such data may be sorted out, arranged, tabulated, and represented in the graph and necessary observation made out of them. From the above definition, we can say that educational psychology as: By ‘scope of study’ we mean area, contents, or elements that constitute a subject of our study. The testing methods comprise psychological tests, educational measurements, rating scales, checklists and questionnaires. The tentative hypothesis is supported or disproved by the data collected through the use of case-history, interviews, visits to the home or school and psychological testing. The experimental method in psychology was made popular first by a German psychologist named Wundt who opened the first psychological laboratory at Leipzing in 1879. This method, by laying emphasis on the developmental aspects of behaviour, seeks to find out the causes of that behaviour in its crude beginnings. Psychologists working in this field are interested in … There was no consideration of the child’s needs and interest in his educational development. Education for development needs to be designed accordingly. Here again, psychology may serve as a guide to him. With the introduction of psychological principles in child learning, modem education has become child central and science-based. INTROSPECTION METHOD WHEN A PERSON OR ‘SUBJECT’ HIMSELF OBSERVES HIS OWN MENTAL STATES AND BEHAVIOUR,IT IS INTROSPECTION OR SUBJECTIVE OBSERVATION. As a branch of psychology it is parallel to any other applied psychology. Personality is the result of the adjustment of an individual in his environment through the formation of desirable traits and the elimination of the undesirable one. This method will be useful in such conditions. Every subject has its distinct area of study of its own and its learner at the beginning need to have a clear concept of it. It has introduced quantitative measurement in psychology. In other words, dependent variable or response variable is that variable on which the effect is being studied. Response variables can vary in the following ways:-. But it has to be used appropriately. Mere objective and direct observation of a person is not enough. Thorndike, Juad, Freeman, Kohler, Pavlov and Skinner etc. The role of psychology in education may be clear to us only when we know its limitations. The numerical data obtained in terms of marks or scores from various kinds of measurement of human abilities bear the significant potential for their psychological perception. Thus, educational psychology as a subject must have to make an in-depth study of the nature of the psychophysical development of the child in different stages. The Testing Methods. The responses are expected to reveal one’s inmost thoughts, attitude, ideas, emotions, and complexes that have been repressed. In order words, it is a method of “self-observation “— observation by an individual of his own mental states directly by directing attention towards a particular experience with a particular purpose. For example, phenomena of conditioning can be studied only with the help of experimental method. Judd describes educational psychology as, “a scientific study of the life stages in the development of an individual from the time he is born until he becomes … The psychological tests are carefully devised and standardised tests for measuring aptitudes, interests, achievement, intelligence and personality traits. Educational psychology is an applied discipline which combines the two different fields of education and psychology. He may perceive the good or bad effects of the learning method he used by making an objective psychological analysis of it. Presumably, this method, therefore, insists on collection of the significant data on those past events that give vent to the present psychological state of affairs. Without the psychological concept of them, the brute and instinctive use of the teacher’s punishment is likely to cause more harm than good. The following points highlight the top six methods of educational psychology. Content Guidelines 2. Personality tests which are of various types shed light on general personality patterns, cluster of traits, moods temperament, emotionality, interpersonal relationships, needs and pressure and other qualities. What do we inherit? An authentic collection of the data and objective analysis of them are a valuable source of knowledge for the perception of behavior. Suppose we want to study the effect of a period of intellectual activity after memorising a prose passage, on the amount of material remembered. Knowledge of psychology has been considered as a must for the teacher who is involved in the art of teaching. Introspection 2. Education psychology covers a broad expanse of specialties, with educational psychologists focusing on different technology used in education, how teachers develop curriculum or worksheets as well as lesson plans and rubrics within their classrooms. The aim of education is to develop desirable traits of personality in the child. (c) The state of the organism at the time of experiment must be considered. (c) Response variables (Dependent variables): The dependent variable is the variable that we predict will change with changes in the independent variable. Organismic variables are those variables which are within the organism. It maintains that human experiences of pleasure and pain in various psychosocial situations are universally similar. Educational Psychology studies of the human behavior and various problems, under the educational situation. More particularly the mothers who are in the habit of keeping ‘baby diary’ may give valuable information on the growth-trend of the babies. The teacher as a motivator has to know how to make use of his teaching aids and device accordingly. But the usefulness of this method depends on how specific and clear the instructions are. Difficulty of the task, length of the task, similarity of the task, meaningfulness of the task, pleasantness of the task may serve as independent variables. Psychology, we have observed before is a systematic and scientific study of human behaviour. Questions should be so framed that the answers can easily be given or the right answer easily checked. All the variables cannot be completely controlled. In rating scales we rate or judge an individual on the possession or absence of certain traits. It studies the behavior of an individual in analytical detail, without summarizing generally accepted norms or goals out of it. (4) Controlling the conditions of experiment. This method has universal application. In actual life, several stimuli act at the same time and several responses appear. We know that the use of questionnaires as a form of the introspective method. Rating scales and checklists are often used as important devices of observing and evaluating personality or behaviour traits. Educational psychology is the application of psychological findings in the field of education. Hence, introspection is regarded as an unscientific method. Such responses are drawn by presenting a broad range of testing materials like pictures, ink-blot cards, stimulus words, drawing, arranging and interpreting picture situations, filling in the blanks, and so on. It is a psycho-analytical method applied to know the unconscious and repressed elements of an individual mind. Educational statistics. These simple behaviour patterns grow more complex gradually as the individual grows in age. We need to know what is going on in the mind of that person. Its objectivity and dependability, therefore, naturally rest on the appropriate methods adopted in collecting data and information on the human mind and behavior. One of the forms of introspection that is used in educational psychology is the anecdotal method. Response latency is the interval between a stimulus change and the occurrence of a response. Stephen has maintained, “Educational Psychology is the systematic study of the educational growth and development of a child.”, Skinner is of the view, “Educational Psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning.”, On the other hand, Liste D. Crow and Alice Crow have defined, “Educational Psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from birth to old age. (7) Verification and confirmation of the hypotheses by the result of the experiment. Its need that motivates for study of individual differences due to a large extent would you prefer to be from! And everything about psychology limitations of psychology R, based on previous learning be completely ruled.! Find there another type of variable often studied by psychologists is the methods of educational psychology group there is no for... 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