Prothoracic spiracle brown, eyes in male closely approximated (holoptic) and sharply demarcated, the upper two-third with large facets and lower one-third with smaller facets, parafacialia and jowls brillient orange and the later clothed with golden hairs, the adult fly is bluish-green in color. In contrast with its body length, the measurement based on cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphometry was more reliable and consistent to be used as growth parameter in forensic entomology (Rabbani and Zuha 2017; Eliza and Zuha 2018). For the first instar larvae, cephalopharyngeal skeletons were mounted directly on the glass slide without KOH and subsequent treatments because the specimens were too delicate. It is also possible to tilt the cephalopharyngeal skeleton form dorsally or ventrally to explore shape variation as object symmetry (Klingenberg 2002), i.e., the alternate view to asymmetrical lateral shape as in the current study. Subsequently, CVA was employed to describe shape variations between age groups by maximizing the effect of separation (Cooke and Terhune 2015). The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 degrees C in the laboratory. Geographically, the distribution of this species is quite broad, extending from the Oriental, Australasian, and Oceania regions to Africa, South America, and Central … We also wish to thank Ms. Sharifah Shakilah Abdullah for her kind assistance during research. Description: Early morning on the little mangrove beach, flies gather on leaves to watch the sunrise. The adults were identified based on taxonomic descriptions by Kurahashi et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2163-z, Strelin MM, Benitez-Vieyra S, Fornoni J, Klingenberg CP, Cocucci A (2018) The evolution of floral ontogenetic allometry in the Andean genus Caiophora (Loasaceae, subfam. Plos One 6(10):e25630. Chrysomya were collected throughout the sampling period. The life cycle: Egg, three instars, pre-pupa, pupa, adult. 2006; Rodríguez-Mendoza et al. Feral derived form (fdf) Chrysomya megacephala, Bharti & Kurahashi, 2009. J Med Assoc Thai 88(10):1458–1460, Sulaiman S, Sohadi AR, Jeffery J (1989) Human helminth parasite burdens on cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) trapped at aboriginal settlement in Malaysia. Hydrobiologia 670:5–22. Correlations between centroid size and cephalopharyngeal skeleton developmental time were determined by using Pearson’s correlation test. The raw data were The raw data were analyzed based on the age–stage, two-sex life table, in order to take both sexes and the variable developmental rate among individuals and Chrysomya megacephala belongs to the Invertebrates group. A single batch of eggs oviposited by a female C. megacephala was collected carefully by using fine-tip forceps and transferred into a rearing container with approximately 30 g fresh cow’s liver as food source. Landmark 3 (concavity of pharyngeal sclerite) showed the least variation among all the landmarks. Best supported on Google Chrome, Firefox 3.0+, Internet Explorer 8.0+, Safari 4.0+, Opera 10+. Egypt J Forensic Sci 9, 55 (2019). The liver was placed on a 3-cm-thick coarse sawdust and separated by a piece of tissue paper. This research is bacteria in green flies (Chrysomya megacephala). nov. is described from Western Samoa. - 103.129.223.144. The fauna of British India including the remainder of the Oriental region. There were also no significant differences between 68 and 74 h (day 3) with 92 h (day 4). Like the American screwworm, this species is attracted to dry, open wounds as well as to most body openings. Landmark displacements based on the “lollipop” diagram (Fig. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Forensic Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Basement One, Tun Seri Lanang Library, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Centre for Insect Systematics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, You can also search for this author in Green flies (Chrysomya megacephala) perch on rotten food, fish that begin to rot and rubbish and rotten carcasses. A textual diagnostic description of the species that is not necessarily structured. Images of cephalopharyngeal skeleton were obtained directly after specimen mounting by using a stereomicroscope (Nikon, Japan) fitted with a 12-megapixel USB3.0 CMOS microscope camera (Toupcam, China). GM also provides detailed visualization of morphological transformations and morpho-spatial differences in shape and size unique to species by using shape landmark coordinates, thus providing more accurate species discriminations (Viscosi and Cardini 2011; Cooke and Terhune 2015). The two-dimensional images were then converted to a readable format using tpsUtil (version 1.74) and landmarks were plotted by using tpsDig2 (version 2.31) (download link: http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/). Int J Legal Med 127(1):231–241. Google Scholar, Bookstein FL (1991) Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. Considering the practicality of geometric morphometrics which could discriminate insect species, this application was extended to the analysis of blow fly larval growth based on cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The term “Old World blow fly” is a derivative of both the associated family, Calliphoridae, and the belief that the genus Chrysomya originated in Asia and migrated to North America only relatively recently. Google Scholar, Canal NA, Hernández-Ortiz V, Tigrero Salas JO, Selivon D (2015) Morphometric study of third-instar larvae from five morphotypes of the Anastepha fraterculus cryptic species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). PubMed Sources des 2 jeux de données. Includes realm (e.g Terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e.g Boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. The “lollipop” diagram with dots indicate the average starting shape and the lines are the movement of landmark to the target shape. PubMed Article nigripes, Ch. Any information on longevity, including the average period an organism can be expected to survive. Google Scholar, Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Windhager S, Schaefer K (2013) A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology. The coordinates are clustered based on the larval-age group sample. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20317, CAS Decay is caused by bacteria. Landmarks used for cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape description in the present study were limited to five landmarks instead of the eight used by Nuñez and Liria (2016), because of some clearly undeveloped structures in the first instar larvae such as apical hook, union between hypostomal sclerite and the mouth hook, and dorsal apodeme of mouth hook. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492010004700001, Article PubMed Central Enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Diptera) Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann, 1818) Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) Accéder aux 13 données sur la répartition. Forensic Sci Int 138:50–61. J Entomol and Zool Stud 4(1):338–341, Nuñez-Rodriguez J, Liria J (2017b) Sexual wing shape dimorphism in Piophila casei (Linneaus, 1758 Diptera: Piophilidae). https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6292, Klingenberg CP (1998) Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Cephalopharyngeal skeletons were removed from larvae and mounted on glass slides. 2018). Disease-causing bacteria carried by flies include Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Shigella disentry. PubMed Central We also performed regression test by using the Procrustes coordinates on log centroid size, resulting p < 0.0001 with improvement in the effect of the total shape variation of 65.7%. However, there were no significant differences detected between groups sampled on the same day such as group 20 and 26 h (day 1), group 44 and 50 h (day 2), group 68 and 74 h (day 3), and group 74 and 92 h (day 4). saffranea, Ch. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x, Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Eionet; Network of the Heads of Environment Protection Agencies (EPA network) Cross-validation test in DFA revealed high percentages of correctly classified specimens in all sampling intervals (86.7–100.0%; p < 0.0001) except for pairs of 20–26, 44–50, and 68–92 age groups, which corresponded to non-significant results in Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances output (Table 4). 2012). The authors would like to thank laboratory staffs from Forensic Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, UKM, for providing the equipment and chemicals required. Academic Press, London. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), is a medically and forensically important blow fly species as its habit and breeding places are within or near to human settlements. Results indicate a strong significant and positive correlation between centroid size and developmental time with the correlation coefficient, r, ranged from 0.964 (study replicate 1) to 0.973 (study replicate 2) (p < 0.05). 1989; Sukontason et al. Floral biology, sexual system, breeding system, pollinators, fruiting and propagule dispersal ecolo... Ceriops tagal is a seaward and high salt-tolerant specialist mangrove species. Biol Rev 73:79–123. In interpreting speciation and sexual dimorphism among flies, adult wing morphology is the most frequently utilized body part (Gidaszewski et al. However, there were drawbacks when using larval body length because it can be affected by specimens handling (Tantawi and Greenberg 1993; Adams and Hall 2003; Day and Wallman 2008; Richards et al. In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol 1. They were reared at 27.8 ± 2.7 °C and 76.2 ± 7.7% RH (first replicate) and 26.1 ± 1.7 °C and 81.8 ± 8.9% RH (second replicate). Defines and describes life history of a living organism, meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity. Neotrop Entomol 34(3):491–497. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Centroid size was strongly correlated with developmental time (p < 0.05) and significantly different between daily intervals (p < 0.05). Apart from discriminating species into phenetic groups, GM also covers ontogenetic allometry which can explain how morphological variation attributes directly to growth (Klingenberg 1998). C. megacephala's eggs are "oval with one flat face and another convex". a First instar. Adult flies reflect a metallic blue-green color on their thorax and abdomen and have yellow gena, or cheeks. Then it was mounted on a glass slide with Berlese Fluid in lateral position, covered with a 5-mm round coverslip. Chrysomya megacephala (F.) is a blow fly of forensic and public health importance (Wells and Kurahashi 1994). Ontogenetic allometric effect based on multivariate regression on Procrustes coordinates and centroid size was significant (p < 0.0001), indicating that shape was influenced by growth (60.3%). Through visual assessment of these five landmarks on C. megacephala larval development, transformation occurred at all landmarks with the least change on landmark 3 (the concavity of pharyngeal sclerite or medial incision). 2013; Murta-Fonseca and Fernandes 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0683-9, Rocha DS, Patterson JS, Sandoval CM, Jurberg J, Ângulo VM, Esteban AM, Galvão C (2005) Description and ontogenetic morphometrics on nymphs of Belminus herreri Lent & Wygodzinsky (Hemiptera: Reduviidae, Triatominae). This fly can be a nuisance to humans and even cause accidental myiasis. Landmark coordinates of cephalopharyngeal skeletons in study replicates 1 and 2 were pooled and further analyzed on thin-plate spline transformation grid and “lollipop” diagram (scale factor 10.0). The developmental period of C. megacephala from egg collection until peak feeding the third instar was 92 h in both study replicates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Bulygina E, Mitteroecker P, Aiello L (2006) Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. Therefore, previous researches suggested cephalopharyngeal skeleton as an alternative growth parameter to larval body length because of its measurement consistency and positive allometry with larval body length (Eliza and Zuha 2018; Rabbani and Zuha 2017). Källor a b c; Externa länkar. Prior to morphometric analysis, landmark coordinates were inspected for outliers. … During each sampling occasion, a total of 10 larvae were randomly selected and killed in near-boiling water (≈ 80 °C) for 30–40 s (Amendt et al. 2018). Entomol Sci 21:164–168. 2015; Nuñez and Liria 2016; Nuñez-Rodriguez and Liria 2017a; Tatsuta et al. Furthermore, the selection of landmarks for GM analysis adhered to the criteria that they can be found repeatedly and not difficult to locate (Bookstein 1991; Zelditch et al. The life history of the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), was studied at 26 °C in the laboratory. LEB 4(4):272–284, Rabbani A, Zuha RM (2017) Cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphometry of Hypopygiopsis violacea (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) - a preliminary assessment for its application in forensic entomology. The raw data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table, in order to take both sexes and the variable developmental … For each cage, two tables were made: one https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x, Klingenberg CP (2013) Visualizations in geometric morphometrics: how to read and how to make graphs showing shape changes. Describes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...). | Raffles Bull Zool Supp No. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton was obtained by removing larval internal content and adhering tissue in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) (Rabbani and Zuha 2017). Widely distributed throughout the Oriental and Australasian regions and recently introduced into the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Acta Entomol Sinica 57(9):1105–1111, Barros-Cordeiro KB, Pujol-Luz JS (2010) Morfologia e duração do desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em condições de laboratório. Other than discriminating between species, geometric morphometrics was found to be practical to visualize larval growth based on cephalopharyngeal skeletons which can be useful in forensic entomology. Bull Ent Res 79(4):625–629. Zookeys 540:41–59. Hystrix It J Mamm 24(1):15–24. Scatter plot along CV1 (97.229%) and CV2 (2.179%) axes shows the variation in cephalopharyngeal skeleton shapes grouped by equal frequency ellipse (p = 0.9). Does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under Habitat. In replicate 2, differences were detected between 20- and 26-h group, 44- and 50-h group, and 74- and 92-h group. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-018-0070-x, Gidaszewski NA, Baylac M, Klingenberg CP (2009) Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. The invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, relating to a method for processing utensil rubbishes by Chrysomya megacephala maggot. They were left exposed and checked hourly for ovipositon activity by a single female C. megacephala. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00200.x, Kurahashi H, Benjaphong N, Omar B (1997) Blow flies (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Malaysia and Singapore. Google Scholar, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Siriwattanarungsee S, Sukontason KL (2008) Morphology and developmental rate of blow flies Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies in Thailand: application in forensic entomology. Google Scholar, Bai M, Yang X (2014) A review of three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics and its application in entomology. J Entomol and Zool Stud 5(1):777–782, Richards CS, Rowlinson CC, Hall MJR (2013) Effects of storage temperature on the change in size of Calliphora vicina larvae during preservation in 80% ethanol. Cages of C. megacephala adults were prepared with four different larval densities (100, 200, 400 and 800). Images were obtained from the specimens; digitized and geometric morphometric analysis on C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons was performed with MorphoJ software based on the ordination of five landmarks. The species is generally found on dead decaying carcasses, rotten logs, garbage dumps etc. Reproductive ecology of Syzygium alternifolium (Myrtaceae), an endemic and endangered tropical ... https://indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/species/show/256218. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences The assessments of this analysis were based on centroid size measurements, visualization on the landmarks displacements, classification of the relative landmarks by using canonical variate analysis, and ontogenetic allometry determination. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0158-y, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in In the present study, the geometric morphometric analysis produced a visual classification of C. megacephala cephalopharyngeal skeletons based on their age groups. Given the results from the present study, GM analysis on cephalopharyngeal skeleton shape variation merit further exploratory investigations, especially in comparing different forensically important fly species and by using different environmental settings such as rearing temperatures and food sources as these could also influence the biological shape (Dujardin 2008; Gobbi et al. In recent years, geometric morphometrics (GM) has been increasingly utilized as a multivariate tool to classify insect species based on morphological shape in both mature and immature stages including flies (Canal et al. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.1-6369, Murta-Fonseca RA, Fernandes DS (2016) The skull of Hydrodynastes gigas (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) as a model of snake ontogenetic allometry inferred by geometric morphometrics. Chrysomya bezziana is distributed widely in Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Africa. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00026.x, Klingenberg CP (2002) Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Two species, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and C. varipes are newly recorded from the area. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [1] Bildgalleri. collecté par Sonothèque du MNHN. Eur J Entomol 110(3):461–468. Landmarks were selected based on geometrical shape of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, i.e., (1) clipeal arc (anterodorsal process/dorsal bridge), (2) dorsal cornu, (3) concavity of pharyngeal sclerite (tentorial phragma/medial incision), (4) lower ventral cornu, and (5) base of parastomal bar (Nuñez and Liria 2016) (Fig. Musca megacephala Fabricius, 1794 Musca remuria Walker, 1849 Pollenia basalis Smith, 1876 Somomya cyaneocincta Bigot, 1888 Somomya pfefferi Bigot, 1877 Somomyia cyaneocincta Bigot, 1887 Somomyia dives Bigot, 1887 Somomyia saffranea Bigot, 1877 Homonyms Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) Common names 大頭金蠅;大頭麗蠅 in language.
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