REDUCTION OF METAL OXIDE TO METAL The process of converting metal oxides into metals is called reduction. The simplest example is the production of iron from its protoxide: The commonly used methods for reduction are : 1. This analysis is usually used to evaluate the ease of reduction of metal oxides and sulfides.These diagrams were first constructed by Harold Ellingham in 1944. Reduction of Metal Oxides to Free Metal Heating – Less reactive metals like silver and mercury can be obtained by heating their oxides alone. The metal oxide is mixed with carbon and heated in a furnace.Carbon reduces metal oxide to free metal. Furthermore, the direct reduction technique consistently produces high purity (98%–99% pure) neptunium metal. After reduction of the oxide to metal, the metal is separated by density from the other components of the reaction mixture and can easily removed upon cooling. Since the majority of ores are oxides or can be converted to oxides by roasting, the free-energy change accompanying the decomposition of the oxide forms a convenient measure of how readily a metal may be obtained from its ore. The reduction of metals was originally understood to be the reactions used to obtain metals from their oxides by using substances having greater affinity for oxygen than the metal. It is possible to avoid this problem by first converting the ore to the chloride, and then reducing the chloride with a more reactive metal such as magnesium or sodium. Reduction of metal halides with metals In many cases, carbon cannot be used to reduce the metal oxide to the metal as the metal reacts with carbon to form the carbide instead. Intermediate oxides were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis of the semireduced powders. In solid state, the entropy or randomness will be less due to high intermolecular force of attraction while in liquid state, the entropy will be more comparatively. For reduction, different types of reducing agents are used depending on reactivity of ores. For the reduction of metal oxide, the Gibbs energy should be negative. An Ellingham diagram is a graph showing the temperature dependence of the stability of compounds. Reduction of Iron; Contributors; The ease with which a metal may be obtained from its ore varies considerably from one metal to another. Tungsten oxide, WO2.96, was reduced toα-W in hydrogen for various time periods over the temperature range 500°C to 900°C. Several dopant conditions were used, to find the effect on oxide structures and reaction kinetics of the usual dopants K, Si and Al. Recent work has demonstrated that solid metal oxides can be directly electro-reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts. 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